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TIME: Almanac 1995
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TIME Almanac 1995.iso
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<text id=90TT1331>
<title>
May 21, 1990: Who Murdered Lake Baikal?
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
May 21, 1990 John Sununu:Bush's Bad Cop
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
SAKHAROV, Page 55
Who Murdered Lake Baikal?
By Andrei Sakharov
</hdr>
<body>
<p>[From Memoirs. (c) 1990 by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Translated by
Richard Lourie]
</p>
<p> The planet's oldest, deepest and largest lake, Baikal is
about the size of Belgium and accounts for a fifth of the
world's freshwater reserves. The threat to this unique
ecosystem, home to more than 1,000 species of plants and
animals unknown anywhere else, stimulated a vociferous Soviet
environmental movement. Baikal, says Siberian activist Valentin
Rasputin, contains "such pulchritude as to be unimaginable this
side of paradise."
</p>
<p> It is a precious resource, an area of surpassing natural
beauty, a source of national pride and, to some extent, the
very symbol of our nation. For several years, newspapers had
been publishing alarming reports on threats to Baikal from
industrial construction along its shores, the felling and
rafting of timber and pulp mills' discharge of chemical wastes.
</p>
<p> Early in 1967 a student at the Moscow Institute of Energy
invited me to attend meetings of the Komsomol [Communist Party
youth wing] Committee to Save Baikal. I learned that in the
late 1950s, Orlov, the minister in charge of the paper
industry, had ordered construction of a large cellulose complex
on the lake's shores to produce a particularly durable viscose
rayon cord for airplane tires. It was assumed that the pure
Baikal water would facilitate polymerization [a chemical
process in which many small molecules combine to build much
larger molecules called polymers] and the resulting fibers
would be stronger.
</p>
<p> The plant's output showed that this hypothesis was
unfounded. More important, the aviation industry switched from
rayon cord to metallic cord. Whatever rationale the Baikal
complex may once have had--and it never offset the potential
harm to the lake--vanished. Construction nevertheless went
ahead, with whole armies of officials defending their decision
and saving face by insisting on the complex's importance for
the defense of the country, the usual clinching argument.
</p>
<p> The story goes that Orlov had chosen the site by simply
pointing to a place on the shoreline while cruising in a
motorboat with cronies. Building was already under way when
someone discovered that this was the precise spot where the
famous Verninsky earthquake had caused the lake to swallow up
35 acres of shoreline in the 19th century; it was a seismically
active region. But instead of canceling the project, the
authorities transferred responsibility to the Ministry of
Medium Machine Building. One scientist taunted me: "Do you know
who's in charge of the murder of Baikal? Your own Slavsky!"
New plans were drawn up for earthquake-resistant
aluminum-and-glass buildings supported by steel piles. But the
buildings are still vulnerable to the major earthquakes that
have occurred there once or twice a century.
</p>
<p> The big problem now was treatment of toxic waste. The
pollution caused by floating logs down the rivers that empty
into the lake kills the spawn of most fish, including the
Baikal omul, which a century ago rivaled beef as a source of
food for all Russia. The accidental discharge of effluents,
deforestation and fire also threatened the fragile ecological
balance of the region. We proposed that the lakeshores be
closed to new industry and existing enterprises be moved.
</p>
<p> At a meeting of the Council of Ministers, Prime Minister
Alexei Kosygin, who was handling the Baikal project, asked
Mstislav Keldysh, president of the Academy of Sciences, "What
does the academy recommend? If the safeguards aren't reliable,
we'll stop construction." Keldysh quoted a report that the
water-purification system and other safeguards were completely
reliable. He may have been acting in good faith. Still, my
feeling is that his stand was greatly influenced by the
academy's dependence on the bureaucratic machine, and that he
was predisposed to respect the wishes of this machine and to
ignore the warnings of whistle blowers.
</p>
<p> Only a couple of years after these events, a Komsomol
expedition brought back photographs showing the massive
destruction of Baikal's fish and plankton caused by toxic
wastes. No accidental discharges had been logged. As always,
everything was fine on paper.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>